To controlforceaccurately under a wide range of behavioral conditions, the central nervous system would either require a detailed, continuously updated representation of the state of each muscle (and the load against which each is acting) or else force feedback with sufficient gain to cope with variations in the properties of the muscles and loads. The evidence for force feedback with adequate gain or for an appropriate central representation is not sufficient to conclude that force is the major controlled variable in (...) normal limb movements.Morton's hypothesis, thatlengthis controlled by a follow-up servo, has a number of difficulties related to the delays, gains, variability, and specificity in feedback pathways comprising potential servo loops. However, experimental evidence is consistent with these pathways providing servo assistance for some movements produced by coactivation of α- and static γ-motoneurons. Dynamic γ-motoneurons may provide an additional input for adaptive control of different types of movements.The idea that feedback is used to compensate for changes in musclestiffnesshas received experimental support under static postural conditions. However, reflexes tend to increase rather than decrease the range of variation in muscle stiffness during some cyclic movements. Theoretical problems associated with the regulation of stiffness are also discussed. The possibilities of separate control systems forvelocityorviscosityare considered, but the evidence is either negative or lacking. I conclude that different physical variables can be controlled depending on the type of limb movement required. The concept of stiffness regulation is also useful under some conditions, but should probably be extended to the regulation of the visco-elastic properties (i.e., the mechanical impedance) of a muscle or joint. (shrink)

In recent years, cognitive neuroscientists have began to explore the process of how sensory information gains access to awareness. To further probe this process, event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging was used while testing subjects with a paradigm known as the “attentional blink.” In this paradigm, visually presented information sporadically fails to reach awareness. It was found that the magnitude and time course of activation within the anterior cingulate , medial prefrontal cortex , and frontopolar cortex predicted whether or not information (...) was consciously perceived during the critical period for the attentional blink. These results are discussed in light of a neural framework for conscious processing. (shrink)

All of our information about the world is derived from the function of our senses, and thus they are the principal source of all our knowledge. This was recognized explicitly by early Greek philosophers, remained an important point of discussion for nineteenth‐century philosophers, and continues to be a key issue for present‐day philosophers, psychologists, and neuroscientists. It is a key issue in cognitive science because, by initiating the processes that store and evaluate information, sensory information transmission can be considered a (...) cognitive initiator. In a very real sense, who we are and how we see the world are the result of the experiences that are mediated by our sensory systems. These are some of the reasons why the study of sensory systems has occupied such a prominent place in modern cognitive neuroscience. (shrink)

Diseases caused by Salmonella species are characterized by bacterial invasion of host cells. Salmonella invasion requires a genetic locus (inv) with homology to bacterial systems involved in specific protein export and organelle assembly. Until recently, the actual Salmonella invasion factors exported or assembled by the inv system remained unidentified. It now appears that Salmonella produces novel appendages upon contact with host cells. These appendages are transient, appearing and disappearing rapidly from the bacterial surface. Appendages are altered in strains unable to (...) invade due to mutations within the inv/spa locus. Therefore, a role for the invasion locus has been identified, providing another example of bacterial pathogens responding to signals provided by the host cell surface. (shrink)

Background: There are few standardized measures available to assess executive function in a naturalistic setting for children. The Children’s Cooking Task is a complex test that has been specifically developed to assess EF in a standardized open-ended environment. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the internal consistency, inter-rater reliability, sensitivity and specificity, and also convergent and divergent validity of the Norwegian version of CCT among children with pediatric Acquired Brain Injury and healthy controls.Methods: The present study has (...) a cross-sectional design, based on baseline data derived from a multicenter RCT. Seventy-five children with pABI from two university hospitals with parent-reported executive dysfunction and minimum of 12 months since injury/completed cancer therapy, as well as 59 HCs aged 10–17 years, were assessed with CCT using total errors as the main outcome measure. The pABI group completed tests assessing EF on the impairment level within the ICF framework, and on the participation level. In addition, they completed tests of intellectual ability, processing speed, attention, learning, and memory. Finally, overall functional outcome was evaluated for the children with pABI.Results: Acceptable internal consistency and good inter-rater reliability were found for the CCT. Children with pABI performed significantly worse on the CCT than the HCs. The CCT identified group membership, but the sensitivity and specificity were overall classified as poor. Convergent validity was demonstrated by associations between the CCT and performance-based tests assessing inhibition, cognitive flexibility, and working memory, as well as teacher-reported executive dysfunction. Divergent validity was supported by the lack of association with performance-based measures of learning and memory, attention, and verbal intellectual ability. However, there was a moderate association between the CCT and performance-based tests of processing speed. Lastly, better performance on the CCT was associated with a better functional outcome.Conclusion: Our study with a relatively large sample of children with pABI and HC’s demonstrated good psychometric properties of the CCT. CCT performance was associated with the overall level of disability and function, suggesting that CCT is related to the level of activity in everyday life and participation in society. Hence, our study suggests that the CCT has the potential to advance the assessment of EF by providing a valid analysis of real-world performance. Nevertheless, further research is needed on larger samples, focusing on predictors of task performance, and evaluating the ability of CCT to detect improvement in EF over time. The patterns of error and problem-solving strategies evaluated by the CCT could be used to inform neuropsychological rehabilitation treatmentand represent a more valid outcome measure of rehabilitation interventions. (shrink)

How well is the field of political studies doing and where is it headed? Such questions are examined and answered in this broad world overview of political science, along with the advances and shortcomings, as well as the recommended prescriptions for the future decades of the new century. The book includes three world regional assessments of the discipline, along with an in-depth survey of various sub-disciplinary fields and a concluding critical essay on the future of political studies. This is the (...) final volume in a book series on the development of political science, created in 2000 by Research Committee 33 of the International Political Science Association (IPSA) on the study of political science as a discipline. Contents include: Political Science in Three Asian Democracies: Disaffected (Japan), Third-Wave (Korea), and Fledgling (China) * Political Science in Europe: Its Development as a Discipline * Political Science in North America and Other Continents: Is There a Genuinely Int. (shrink)

Religious and Ethical Perspectives on Global Migration examines the complicated social ethics of migration in today's world. Editors Elizabeth W. Collier and Charles R. Strain bring the perspectives of an international group of scholars toward a theory of justice and ethical understanding for the nearly two hundred million migrants who have left their homes seeking asylum from political persecution, greater freedom and safety, economic opportunity, or reunion with family members.

The paper begins with consideration of Plato and Aristotle, but the question addressed in this essay is the following: What has been meant--and what role has been played--in the succession of doctrines of physics we have had since the seventeenth century, by notions of “power” and of “cause”? The essay concludes with consideration of field theories set in relativistic space-time.

Das historische Buch konnen zahlreiche Rechtschreibfehler, fehlende Texte, Bilder, oder einen Index. Kaufer konnen eine kostenlose gescannte Kopie des Originals durch den Verlag. 1890. Nicht dargestellt. Auszug:... sicherere Prognose stellen konnte, schon drei Wochen vor dem Tode des Philosophen an Leibniz'): D. B. de S. vereor, ut brevi nos derelicturus sit, cum phtisis in dies ingravescere videatur. Funf Tage nach dem Tode Spinoza's ubermittelt Schuller diese schmerzliche Nachricht Leibniz und macht ihm dabei gleichzeitig das merkwurdige Anerbieten, er moge das dem (...) Nachlass entnommene, von Spinoza's Hand herruhrende Exemplar der Ethik fur 150 Gulden fur die Bibliothek des Herzogs von Hannover ankaufen: Caeterum te minime celare debui, clarissimum et acutissimum virum Spinozam maxima atrophia conflictatum 21./H-Februar. vitam suam cum morte commutasse. Videtur autem quod inexpectata mortis debilitate praeventus sit, quoniam sine testamento, ultimae voluntatis indice, a nobis discessit. Ethica, quam penes ipsum vidisti, in autogra-cp penes amicum asservatur2) venalisque habetur, si pretio opere tanto condigno persolvatur, ad quod nulli melius, quam Tibi significandum censui, utpote qui operis conscius principis animum dirigere poteris, ut suis sumtibus coematur3). Gegen eine solche unehrerbietige und geschaftsmassige Ausbeutung der litterarischen Hinterlassenschaft Spinoza's mussen die edler veranlagten Junger des Meisters, an ihrer Spitze wol Ludwig Meyer, entschiedene Einsprache erhoben haben. Denn im folgenden Briefe widerruft Schuller in angstlichem Tone sein unpassendes Angebot, und man merkt es den Zeilen an, dass die heftige Erregung, die uber den Nachlass im Amsterdamer Schuler ') Brief II, datirt: 6. Februar 1677. Dass das Luugenubel in seiner Familie hereditar war, ist ubrigens ein Novum. 2) Die... (shrink)

Indagar sobre la esencia femenina es una tarea fundamental en nuestro tiempo. Sin embargo, es un esfuerzo que ha caído en el descrédito dado que se considera que no tiene en cuenta las diferencias individuales de las mujeres y contribuye a la sumisión femenina. Especialmente, a través de la formación de imágenes estereotipadas. En este artículo estudiaremos las conferencias sobre la mujer de Edith Stein, y algunos de sus estudios antropológicos, con la intención de aproximarnos a una comprensión que (...) une la esencia femenina con la acción y manifiesta su intrínseca unidad con la individualidad. Stein está convencida que toda mujer posee una triple vocación: a nivel humano, femenino e individual que se ha de desarrollar de manera integral y complementaria. Sin embargo, esto solo será posible si reconoce el orden metafísico –cristiano– del que depende su ser. (shrink)

Edith Stein was Husserl's student and private secretary. This study of empathy was originally her doctoral dissertation. After a reduction to pure consciousness, she describes the essence of empathy as a kind of perception sui generis, both like and unlike other acts of consciousness. Different theories of experiencing the other are briefly evaluated. The second part of the book is devoted to the role of empathy in the constitution of the psycho-physical individual and, ultimately, of the person. Written in (...) short, numbered paragraphs, the analysis tends to be jerky and without direction. But there is a sustained description of the living body, antedating Merleau-Ponty's corps vécu by thirty years. The translation seems too literal, and typographical errors abound.—A. B. D. (shrink)

In this book, 13 leading philosophers of science focus on the work of Professor Howard Stein, best known for his study of the intimate connection between ...

In contrast to the views put forth by Stein & Glasier, we support the use of inbred strains of rodents in studies of the immunobiology of neural transplants. Inbred strains demonstrate homology of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). Virtually all experimental work in transplantation immunology is performed using inbred strains, yet very few published studies of immune rejection in intracerebral grafts have used inbred animals.

Rachel Galvin’s News of War: Civilian Poetry 1936–1945 is a focused and forceful study of six major modernist poets who crafted similar styles in response to WWII and the Spanish Civil War: César Vallejo, W.H. Auden, Wallace Stevens, Raymond Queneau, Marianne Moore, and Gertrude Stein. A chapter is dedicated to each of these poets, with the exception of Auden, in many respects the book’s central figure, who is treated in two consecutive chapters. As can be seen in her choice (...) of poets, Gavin’s approach is transnational and multilingual. This allows her to draw startling parallels between poets who, though given ample critical attention individually, are rarely mentioned in the same breath. It also allows her to... (shrink)

We began our survey at a time when Ehrenberg's functional principles concerning the design of all organisms prevailed in interpreting the taxonomic place and internal structure of Infusoria. Other options existed, such as Dujardin's sarcode theory and Siebold's cellular analogy, but these were not persuasive for reasons both relevant to and in addition to the microscopic observations. By mid-century other considerations, including the continuing search for complex life cycles and manifestations of sex, dictated the microscopist's rendering of infusorians. Müller and (...) his students saw spermatozoa and gonads; Stein envisioned alternating generations and generative nuclei; Balbiani found sexual behavior in the events of conjugation; and all interpreted the nuclei and nucleoli as gonads or gonadal products. Evolutionary theory provided a fourth dimension. Obsessed with phylogenies, particularly when joined with the germ-layer theory of development, Haeckel emphasized a structural interpretation and found a considerably altered cell theory ready to fill the breach.By the mid-1870s advances in cytology secured Siebold's original analogy. Infusorians now became single-celled organisms, the first in a long phylogenetic sequence that led to the “highest” metazoans. The analogy allowed Bütschli to invoke another biological principle, the physiological division of labor, to reinterpret the origin of the bisexual state. The ghost of Ehrenberg's polygastric theory had completely vanished. (shrink)

Abstract:This essay historicizes the genre of women’s autobiography and the concept of genius in the context of Gertrude Stein’s popular work, The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas. It argues that Stein draws on the form, content, and style of the domestic memoir, a type of self-writing that was popularized in the nineteenth century as a specifically feminine form of autobiography and remained central to women's self-writing into the twentieth century. Because of its relational and anecdotal nature, the domestic (...) memoir provides Stein a canvas on which to play with the gendered categories of "wife" and "genius." Ultimately, Stein's playful reimagining of gender roles and domesticity serves to redefine the modernist notion of the genius as autonomous and male in favor of a feminine, domestic, and collaborative conception of genius. (shrink)

This paper examines Edith Stein’s phenomenological analysis of society—a neglected side of her thought—and situates it in a two-fold context: (a) philosophical studies of society undertaken in German-speaking lands in the aftermath of the First World War, and (b) Christian concepts of surrogacy and responsibility for the other.

This paper examines Edith Stein’s phenomenological analysis of society—a neglected side of her thought—and situates it in a two-fold context: (a) philosophical studies of society undertaken in German-speaking lands in the aftermath of the First World War, and (b) Christian concepts of surrogacy and responsibility for the other.

Książka o filozofii i życiu Stein została wydana w serii: Orbis Phaenomenologicus, publikującej prace: a) z zakresu fenomenologii, b) określające pozycje fenomenologii w kontekście innych kierunków filozoficznych, c) podejmujące aporie myślenia fenomenologicznego, oraz d) pogłębiające badania fenomenologiczne. Seria obejmuje trzy obszary badawcze: 1) perspektywy - dział poświęcony tematom fenomenologicznym, analizie dzieł ważnych myślicieli, zarysowaniu barwnego obrazu różnych ośrodków fenomenologicznych, 2) źródła - poświęcony gromadzeniu tekstów źródłowych oraz udostępnianiu materiału dokumentarnego międzynarodowym ośrodkom fenomenologicznym, 3) studia - zawierający aktualne wyniki badan (...) fenomenologicznych. (shrink)

Książka o filozofii i życiu Stein została wydana w serii: Orbis Phaenomenologicus, publikującej prace: a) z zakresu fenomenologii, b) określające pozycje fenomenologii w kontekście innych kierunków filozoficznych, c) podejmujące aporie myślenia fenomenologicznego, oraz d) pogłębiające badania fenomenologiczne. Seria obejmuje trzy obszary badawcze: 1) perspektywy - dział poświęcony tematom fenomenologicznym, analizie dzieł ważnych myślicieli, zarysowaniu barwnego obrazu różnych ośrodków fenomenologicznych, 2) źródła - poświęcony gromadzeniu tekstów źródłowych oraz udostępnianiu materiału dokumentarnego międzynarodowym ośrodkom fenomenologicznym, 3) studia - zawierający aktualne wyniki badan (...) fenomenologicznych. (shrink)